December 22

December 22 is the 356th day of the year (357th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are nine days remaining until the end of the year.

Events

• 69 – Emperor Vitellius is captured and murdered by the Gemonian stairs in Rome.
• 1790 – The Turkish fortress of Izmail is stormed and captured by Suvorov and his Russian armies.
• 1807 – The Embargo Act, forbidding trade with all foreign countries, is passed by the U.S. Congress, at the urging of President Thomas Jefferson.
• 1809 – The Non-Intercourse Act, lifting the Embargo Act except for the United Kingdom and France, is passed by the U.S. Congress.
• 1849 – The execution of Fyodor Dostoevsky is called off at the last second.
• 1851 – The first freight train is operated in Roorkee, India.
• 1864 – Savannah, Georgia falls to General William Tecumseh Sherman, concluding his "March to the Sea".
• 1885 – Ito Hirobumi, a samurai, became the first Prime Minister of Japan.
• 1890 – Cornwallis Valley Railway begins operation between Kingsport and Kentville, Nova Scotia.
• 1894 – The Dreyfus affair begins in France, when Alfred Dreyfus is wrongly convicted of treason, on antisemitic grounds.
• 1920 – The GOELRO economic development plan is adopted by the 8th Congress of Soviets of the Russian SFSR.
• 1937 – The Lincoln Tunnel opens to traffic in New York City.
• 1940 – World War II: Himarë is captured by the Greek army.
• 1942 – World War II: Adolf Hitler signs the order to develop the V-2 rocket as a weapon.
• 1944 – World War II: Battle of the Bulge – German troops demand the surrender of United States troops at Bastogne, Belgium, prompting the famous one word reply by General Anthony McAuliffe: "Nuts!"
• 1944 – World War II: The People's Army of Vietnam is formed to resist Japanese occupation of Indo-China, now Vietnam.
• 1947 – The Constituent Assembly of Italy approves the Constitution of Italy.
• 1951 – The Selangor Labour Party is founded in Selangor, Malaya.
• 1956 – Colo is born, the first gorilla to be bred in captivity.
• 1963 – The cruise ship Lakonia burns 180 miles north of Madeira with the loss of 128 lives.
• 1964 – First flight of the SR-71 (Blackbird).
• 1965 – In the United Kingdom, a 70mph speed limit is applied to all rural roads including motorways for the first time. Previously, there had been no speed limit.
• 1974 – Grande Comore, Anjouan and Mohéli vote to become the independent nation of Comoros. Mayotte remains under French administration.
• 1974 – The house of former British Prime Minister Ted Heath is attacked by members of the Provisional IRA.
• 1978 – The pivotal Third Plenum of the 11th National Congress of the Communist Party of China is held in Beijing, with Deng Xiaoping reversing Mao-era policies to pursue a program for Chinese economic reform.
• 1984 – Bernhard Hugo Goetz shoots four would-be African-American muggers on an express train in Manhattan, New York City.
• 1988 – Chico Mendes, a Brazilian rubber tapper, unionist and environmental activist, is assassinated.
• 1989 – After a week of bloody demonstrations, Ion Iliescu takes over as president of Romania, ending Nicolae Ceauşescu's Communist dictatorship.
• 1989 – Berlin's Brandenburg Gate re-opens after nearly 30 years, effectively ending the division of East and West Germany.
• 1990 – Final independence of Marshall Islands and Federated States of Micronesia after termination of trusteeship.
• 1992 – The Archives of Terror are discovered.
• 1997 – Acteal massacre: Attendees at a prayer meeting of Roman Catholic activists for indigenous causes in the small village of Acteal in the Mexican state of Chiapas are massacred by paramilitary forces.
• 1997 – Hussein Aidid relinquishes the disputed title of President of Somalia by signing the Cairo Declaration, in Cairo, Egypt. It is the first major step towards reconciliation in Somalia since 1991.
• 1999 – Korean Air Cargo Flight 8509, a Boeing 747-200F crashes shortly after take-off from London Stansted Airport due to pilot error. All 4 crew members are killed.
• 2001 – Burhanuddin Rabbani, political leader of the Afghan Northern Alliance, hands over power in Afghanistan to the interim government headed by President Hamid Karzai.
• 2001 – Richard Reid attempts to destroy a passenger airliner by igniting explosives hidden in his shoes aboard American Airlines Flight 63.

Births

• 244 – Diocletian, Roman Emperor (d. 311)
• 1095 – Roger II of Sicily, King of Sicily (d. 1154)
• 1178 – Emperor Antoku of Japan (d. 1185)
• 1546 – Kuroda Yoshitaka, Japanese Daimyo (d. 1604)
• 1550 – Cesare Cremonini, Italian philosopher (d. 1631)
• 1639 – Jean Racine, French dramatist (d. 1699)
• 1666 – Guru Gobind Singh, Sikh guru (d. 1708)
• 1690 – Meidingnu Pamheiba, King of Manipur (d. 1751)
• 1694 – Hermann Samuel Reimarus, German philosopher and writer (d. 1768)
• 1696 – James Oglethorpe, English general and founder of the state of Georgia (d. 1785)
• 1723 – Carl Friedrich Abel, German composer (d. 1787)
• 1765 – Johann Friedrich Pfaff, German mathematician (d. 1825)
• 1805 – John Obadiah Westwood, British entomologist (d. 1893)
• 1807 – Johann Sebastian Welhaven, Norwegian poet (d. 1873)
• 1819 – Franz Wilhelm Abt, German composer (d. 1870)
• 1819 – Pierre Ossian Bonnet, French mathematician (d. 1892)
• 1853 – Teresa Carreño, Venezuelan pianist (d. 1917)
• 1853 – Yevgraf Fyodorov, Russian mathematician (d. 1919)
• 1856 – Frank B. Kellogg, 45th U.S. Secretary of State, Nobel laureate (d. 1937)
• 1858 – Giacomo Puccini, Italian composer (d. 1924)
• 1860 – Austin Norman Palmer, American penmanship innovator (d. 1927)
• 1862 – Connie Mack, American baseball executive (d. 1956)
• 1869 – Edwin Arlington Robinson, American poet (d. 1935)
• 1869 – Dmitri Egorov, Russian mathematician (d. 1931)
• 1872 – Camille Guérin, French veterinarian and bacteriologist (d. 1961)
• 1874 – Franz Schmidt, Austrian composer (d. 1939)
• 1876 – Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, Italian poet and editor (d. 1944)
• 1883 – Edgard Varèse French-born composer (d. 1965)
• 1885 – Deems Taylor American conductor and music critic (d. 1966)
• 1885 – Abe Manley, Negro League Baseball owner (d. 1952)
• 1887 – Srinivasa Ramanujan, Indian mathematician (d. 1920)
• 1888 – J. Arthur Rank, British film producer (d. 1972)
• 1898 – Vladimir Aleksandrovich Fock, Russian physicist (d. 1974)
• 1899 – Gustav Gründgens, German actor (d. 1963)
• 1900 – Marc Allégret, French film director and screenwriter (d. 1973)
• 1901 – André Kostelanetz, American popular music orchestra leader and arranger (d. 1980)
• 1903 – Haldan Keffer Hartline, American physiologist, Nobel laureate (d. 1983)
• 1905 – Kenneth Rexroth, American poet (d. 1982)
• 1905 – Pierre Brasseur, French actor (d. 1972)
• 1907 – Dame Peggy Ashcroft, English actress (d. 1991)
• 1909 – Patricia Hayes, English actress (d. 1998)
• 1912 – Lady Bird Johnson, First Lady of the United States (d. 2007)
• 1912 – Elias Degiannis, Greek navy officer and Resistance fighter (d. 1943)
• 1914 – Swami Satchidananda, Yogi and Spiritual teacher (d. 2002)
• 1915 – Barbara Billingsley, American actress
• 1917 – Gene Rayburn, American game show host (d. 1999)
• 1921 – Hawkshaw Hawkins, American country singer (d. 1963)
• 1922 – Jack Brooks, American politician
• 1922 – Ruth Roman, American actress (d. 1999)
• 1924 – Frank Corsaro, American stage director
• 1925 – Lewis Glucksman, American financier (d. 2006)
• 1934 – David Pearson, American racecar driver
• 1936 – James Burke, British writer
• 1936 – Hector Elizondo, American actor
• 1936 – Wojciech Frykowski, Polish actor (d. 1969)
• 1937 – Eduard Uspensky, Russian writer
• 1938 – Matty Alou, Dominican baseball player
• 1938 – Lucien Bouchard, Quebec politician
• 1939 – James Gurley, American musician (d. 2009)
• 1940 – Luis Francisco Cuéllar, Colombian politician (d. 2009)
• 1942 – Dick Parry, English musician (Pink Floyd)
• 1943 – Paul Wolfowitz, American politician
• 1943 – Stefan Janos, Slovak-Swiss physicist
• 1944 – Steve Carlton, American baseball player
• 1944 – Guido De Angelis, Italian musician
• 1945 – Diane Sawyer, American journalist
• 1946 – Rick Nielsen, American musician (Cheap Trick)
• 1948 – Noel Edmonds, English game show host
• 1948 – Steve Garvey, American baseball player
• 1948 – Chris Old, English cricketer
• 1948 – Lynne Thigpen, American actress (d. 2003)
• 1949 – Maurice Gibb, English musician (The Bee Gees) (d. 2003)
• 1949 – Robin Gibb, English musician (The Bee Gees)
• 1951 – Gerald Cavendish Grosvenor, Duke of Westminster
• 1951 – Dan Martin, American voice actor
• 1953 – Bern Nadette Stanis, actress
• 1953 – Ian Turnbull, Canadian ice hockey player
• 1954 – Hideshi Matsuda, Japanese racing driver
• 1955 – Lonnie Smith, American baseball player
• 1957 – Carole James, Canadian politician
• 1958 – Frank Gambale, Australian musician
• 1958 – David Heavener, American actor and musician
• 1959 – Bernd Schuster, German footballer
• 1960 – Wakin Chau, Chinese singer
• 1960 – Jean-Michel Basquiat, American artist (d. 1988)
• 1960 – Luther Campbell (Luke), American rap artist (2 Live Crew)
• 1960 – Patrick Fitzgerald, American attorney
• 1961 – Andrew Fastow, American businessman
• 1962 – Ralph Fiennes, English actor
• 1963 – Giuseppe Bergomi, Italian footballer
• 1963 – Luna H. Mitani, Japanese American surrealism painter
• 1963 – Brian McMillan, South African cricketer
• 1966 – Dmitry Bilozerchev, Soviet gymnast
• 1966 – Marcel "Schmier" Schirmer, German singer and bassplayer (Destruction)
• 1967 – Dan Petrescu, Romanian footballer
• 1967 – Richey James Edwards, Welsh musician (Manic Street Preachers) (disappeared in 1995)
• 1967 – Stéphane Gendron, Quebec politician
• 1967 – Paul Morris, Australian racing driver
• 1968 – Dina Meyer, American actress
• 1968 – Lauralee Bell, American actress
• 1969 – Myriam Bédard, Canadian athlete
• 1971 – Pat Mastroianni, Canadian actor
• 1972 – Big Tigger, television host
• 1972 – Vanessa Paradis, French singer
• 1974 – Heather Donahue, American actress
• 1975 – Chris Adler, American actor
• 1975 – Dmitri Khokhlov, Russian footballer
• 1975 – Stanislav Neckář, Czech ice hockey player
• 1975 – Sergei Aschwanden, Swiss judoka
• 1976 – Katleen De Caluwé, Belgian athlete
• 1976 – Jason Lane, American baseball player
• 1977 – Steve Kariya, Canadian ice hockey player
• 1978 – Emmanuel Olisadebe, Nigerian/Polish footballer
• 1979 – Jamie Langfield, Scottish football player
• 1980 – Chris Carmack, American actor
• 1982 – Brooke Nevin, Canadian actress
• 1983 – Drew Hankinson, American professional wrestler
• 1983 – Jennifer Hawkins, Australian beauty pageant contestant
• 1984 – Basshunter, Swedish singer
• 1986 – Dennis Armfield, Australian footballer
• 1986 – Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab, Nigerian terrorist suspect
• 1989 – Logan Huffman, American actor
• 1989 – Jordin Sparks, American singer
• 1990 – Jean-Baptiste Maunier, French actor and singer
• 1993 – Ali Lohan, American singer
• 1996 – Makisig Morales, Filipino child actor

Deaths

• 69 – Vitellius, Roman Emperor (b. 15)
• 1100 – Duke Bretislaus II of Bohemia
• 1550 – Richard Plantagenet (Richard of Eastwell) possibly a son of Richard III
• 1603 – Mehmed III, Ottoman Emperor (b. 1566)
• 1646 – Peter Mogila, Orthodox Metropolitan of Kiev and Galicia (b. 1596)
• 1660 – André Tacquet, Flemish mathematician (b. 1612)
• 1681 – Richard Alleine, English Puritan clergyman (b. 1611)
• 1708 – Hedwig Sophia, duchess of Holstein-Gottorp, Swedish writer (b. 1681)
• 1738 – Constantia Jones, British prostitute (executed)
• 1767 – John Newbery, English publisher (b. 1713)
• 1788 – Percivall Pott, English physician and surgeon (b. 1714)
• 1806 – William Vernon, American merchant (b. 1719)
• 1828 – William Hyde Wollaston, English chemist (b. 1766)
• 1867 – Jean-Victor Poncelet, French mathematician (b. 1788)
• 1870 – Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer, Spanish poet and writer (b. 1836)
• 1880 – George Eliot, English writer (b. 1819)
• 1899 – Dwight L. Moody, American evangelist (b. 1837)
• 1902 – Richard von Krafft-Ebing, German psychiatrist (b. 1840)
• 1917 – Mother Cabrini, first American citizen canonized by the Catholic Church (b. 1850)
• 1939 – Ma Rainey, American singer (b. 1886)
• 1940 – Nathanael West, American writer (b. 1903)
• 1942 – Franz Boas, German anthropologist (b. 1858)
• 1943 – Beatrix Potter, English writer (b. 1866)
• 1944 – Harry Langdon, American silent film actor (b. 1884)
• 1959 – Gilda Gray, Polish-born American dancer and actress (b. 1901)
• 1960 – Sir John Ninian Comper, Scottish architect (b. 1864)
• 1965 – Richard Dimbleby, English journalist and broadcaster (b. 1913)
• 1971 – Godfried Bomans, Dutch author and television personality (b. 1913)
• 1974 – Sterling North, American author (b. 1906)
• 1979 – Darryl F. Zanuck, American producer (b. 1902)
• 1985 – D. Boon, American singer and guitarist (The Minutemen) (b. 1958)
• 1986 – Ida Cook (Mary Burchell), British novelist (b. 1904)
• 1987 – Luca Prodan, Italian-Scottish singer (Sumo) (b. 1953)
• 1988 – Chico Mendes, Brazilian rubber tapper, unionist, and environmental activist (assassinated) (b. 1944)
• 1989 – Samuel Beckett, Irish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1906)
• 1992 – Frederick Franz, Watchtower president (b. 1893)10
• 1995 – Butterfly McQueen, American actress (b. 1911)
• 1995 – James Meade, English economist, Bank of Sweden Prize winner (b. 1907)
• 2001 – Ovidiu Iacov, Romanian footballer (b. 1981)
• 2002 – Desmond Hoyte, President of Guyana (b. 1929)
• 2002 – Joe Strummer, English musician (The Clash) (b. 1952)
• 2003 – Dave Dudley, American singer (b. 1928)
• 2004 – Doug Ault, American baseball player (b. 1950)
• 2006 – Elena Mukhina, Russian gymnast (b. 1960)
• 2006 – Galina Ustvolskaya, Russian composer (b. 1919)
• 2006 – Dennis Linde, American songwriter (b. 1943)
• 2007 – Adrian Cristobal, Filipino writer (b. 1932)
• 2009 – Albert Scanlon, English footballer (b. 1935)
• 2009 – Luis Francisco Cuéllar, Colombian politician (b. 1940)

Holidays and observances

• Christian Feast Day
  • Anastasia of Sirmium (Orthodox church)
  • Frances Xavier Cabrini
  • O Rex
• Mother's Day (Indonesia)
• Winter solstice related observance (see December 21):
  • Dongzhi Festival (East Asia)

External links

• BBC: On This Day
• The New York Times: On This Day
• On This Day in Canada